All lands to the east would belong to Portugal and all lands to the west would belong to Spain. The ships did not set sail again until July. At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. AEthelflaed. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, however, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As both the king of Spain and head of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles was now the most powerful ruler in Europe. The conquest of the American natives by Spanish conquistadors happened within a few decades. The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. In 1534 French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557) joined the search for a Northwest Passage to China. He had neither won nor regained any territory. LORD SHIVAJI. official symbol of France, painted on his shield. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most Encyclopedia.com. Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. The Moors introduced the secrets of making medicine and of producing steel, skills they had learned from the Far East (countries in Asia). Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). Medina-Sidonia retreated, taking his ships north around the British Isles. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. They were well-known as capable warriors but had political aspirations beyond their simple desire for conquest. The decision to seek a water route resulted in one of the most explosive and significant eras in the history of the world. Land occupied by churches, monasteries (houses for men called monks, who dedicated themselves to the religious life), and They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates. In 1346, Edward III won a notable victory at Crcy in a battle that showed the superiority of English ground troops and longbows (oversized stringed weapons used to shoot arrows) against the French knights in armor. During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. These estates had been given or bequeathed (granted in wills) to monks by religiously devout men and women in exchange for prayers for their souls after they died. The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. The Comuneros had formed the "Holy League of Cities" and were protesting the policies of Charles's government (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. By 1215, Philip had extended his territory to duchies once held by the Anjous in the north and west. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. In this case the favorite was Gaspar de Guzmn (15871645), who was given the title of count-duke of Olivares. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. Great things take some time to shine. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. The older of Edward's two infant sons was declared the rightful heir to the throne; he was to be known as King Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother, Richard (14521485), duke of Gloucester, was supposed to protect Edward V. Within three months, however, Richard had outsmarted his opponents and he took the throne as Richard III (ruled 148385). During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. 6,279 talking about this. While Charles was securing his empire in Western Europe, his military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous lands and wealth in the Americas. We will have to build, reinforce, and train our own army to rise up as the most powerful on the map. Once the thriving center of sea trade on the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia and its capital city Barcelona had been declining since the middle of the fifteenth century. During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. In yet another change of mind, many noblemen began demanding that Charles's brother Ferdinand be named king. She founded two colleges at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. Add Me. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. A new royal house, the Tudors, began with this marriage. In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. Francia. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. He neglected to reward several of his best lieutenants for their services, and as a result he lost their support. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) Then in 1599 she placed Essex in command of a military force and sent him to Ireland to subdue Tyrone's Rebellion. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. The Spanish won two battles at Genoa and were victorious at nearby Savona and at Aversa in the south. The next in line was their daughter Joanna (14791555), who was married to Philip I of Austria (14781506), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Ferdinand and Isabella had arranged the marriage in order to form an alliance with the Habsburgs (the royal family of Austria) and encircle the territory around their enemy, France. During the next two hundred years, nearly every remaining land mass in the world, with the exception of Antarctica, was explored and mapped by explorers from these countries. Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. (See "England" section later in this chapter.). The Rise of the Modern (Idea of the) State DANIE F. M. STRAUSS A BSTRACT Some of the main contours of the development of Western society from ancient Greece and through the medieval era up to the rise of the modern state constitute the substance of this article. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The German Empire (officially Deutsches Reich) was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).. On December 31, 1514, Louis died, and on the first day of 1515 Francis I took the throne of France. This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. The power of the Holy Roman Empire had dwindled, and princes (noblemen who ruled states)particularly in the more than two hundred principalities of Germanywere seeking independence. Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Once Rome declared victory over the insurgents in Gaul they focused on attacking the Franks. They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. split into kingdoms and city-states. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. After Boniface's death in 1303, Philip succeeded in having the seat of the papacy (office of the pope) moved from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. His compassion and leniency toward his subjects were uncharacteristic of the age, and he did much to improve the cultural life of his country during the Renaissance. Nevertheless, his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). . The Spaniards took 127 Ottoman ships and thousands of soldiers and seamen. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. (now in Belgium), a city in the Holy Roman Empire. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. 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