8. They would also announce the sex of the child. What are the 6 kinship systems? These changes have been brought about by:- i. 7. 2. 1975. 3) They are fortunetellers and palm readers. 47 Mwizenge S. Tembo, A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. - The children born after his death were still referred to as his. Similar customs or rules of restrictions in interaction apply between many other kin in a traditional African family. Clitoridectomy Female circumcision. Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. It symbolized death and resurrection. 4. Headmanships of villages, court offices, ritual titles, and chieftainships are passed on in this way. c. The corpse is washed using water. Girls, in distinction to boys, seldom have time to play games.21, Among the Bemba people of Northern Zambia, marriage is matrilocal. In male-speaking terms, fathers sisters daughters (cross-cousins) are called cousins. 4. How the of rites passage inculcate moral values In the traditional African communities, people learn the moral values through every days activities and through education provided. People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. The church also gives them food, and clothing and their daily needs. This background is essential to any application of Christian spirituality in Africa. The introduction of formal education Formal education has weakened the role of parents and grandparents. Boys will live with the brothers of their father and until marriage, girls live in the home of a married elder brother or with the brother of the father. A change in attitude towards joint family is evident among the urban educated persons. Elders are respected [32777] [42770]. For example, in the polygynous African family, like among the Baganda, and many others, your fathers wives and brothers were not just mothers and fathers just as mere kinship terms. The cultural and physical diversity added with the dramatic social changes of the last three decades on the continent makes the family pattern situation so variegated as to defy any sweeping generalizations. - Marriage brought unity in the society. This is meant to send it clean into the world of the living dead. 36 Lucy P. Mair African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. - Courage. Economic hardships many people are not able to raise money to pay dowry. Almost 30% of all single-parent families headed by women are officially poor. In some communities if a woman is barren, she would bring another woman to bring children on her behalf. Researchers have examined the effects of matrilineal kinship systems for women's preferences, including preference for competition, altruism, risk, and political participation. iv. 2. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. factors. Third, certain distinguishing personal names. Changing attitudes towards marriage 1. - Virginity is highly valued and girls who are not found virgin are ridiculed. ii. The purpose of sex is purely for procreation hence this discouraged sex before marriage. Women were not allowed to own property. Yet, equal opportunities is, perhaps, the essential defining element of an inclusive a. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1983. Actual birth - During birth there are certain rituals that are performed to introduce the chills to the immediate and extended members of the family. - Marriage extended relationship and therefore enlarged kinship ties. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. vii. 16. This is done by breaking the hearts of relatives by refusing to be good-hearted when they need you. The degree of relatedness of carer to the child, socio-economic status of fostering households, gender and age were identified as factors contributing to the well-being of children in kinship care. All the members come together in times of need. 3. It is feared and marked with a lot of sorrow. society irrespective of their origins, background, class, ethnicity, race, gender and other markers of identity. - Initiation rites have certain symbolic meanings. (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961)p.76. Choosing of a marriage partner This differs from one community to another. Some of the celebrations like beer drinking are slowly dying out. KINSHIP SYSTEM - Kinship refers to being related to another either by blood or marriage. Mbiri Ya Achewa, 195? Grandparents are charged with the duty of counseling. In fact cases where the father-in-law has to issue orders are perhaps such a minority that it is ironical that they are used to characterize the whole social interaction. - Life is also seen as communal. Marriage is no longer a must and many people decide not to marry. People who have gone to school see the aged as old fashioned (generation gap) 6. 2. Many people have migrated to towns where people come from different backgrounds. The literature on the subject is truly as vast and reflects traditional patterns that are as diverse as the variations of the physical looks of the people found on the continent. Angering the living dead and the spirits e.g. Permissiveness in the society has eroded . - Also include the dead and those yet to be born and the departed relatives. Politics: New political systems and forms of government have changed the traditional community. DeVos, New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976. among the Luos a person who comes out with the placenta would be called Obiero or Awino. Piercing of the ear. i. They would only speak through intermediaries. Dishonoring or insulting God. Follow. x. They feel a strong bond towards each other because they are tied by kinship relationships to one another. Changes that have affected land ownership - Today its a requirement by the government that one must possess a land title deed. The attitude of the parents towards the sex of the child is also changing. iv. - Marriage also unites the living and the dead. v. Taking oaths falsely. in some communities it is thrown to uncultivated land to show fertility. (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) p.68. Responsibility of elders: - They help in the settlement of disputes. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953), 24 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969). 9 J.A. Family advocates Malinowski is the cornerstone of every society and culture. 5. - They oversee the division of property in the community after death. b) Explain the purpose of bride wealth in the traditional African community. Prayers also connect the living and the dead. Through apprenticeship iv. [.] Diviners also have religious functions and perform duties of priests such as offering of sacrifice. In some instances a go between would be used to identify a suitable partner. 7 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures, (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) Ch. - During this period of seclusion:- i. p.19, 45 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia. Strong religious beliefs helped bind the members of society together and inspire a sense of unity. 6. Elders act as role models to the youth i.e. - The placenta is disposed of ceremoniously e.g. Opiyo and Odongo among the Luo. Religious (invisible) causes of death They included: i. The blood the binds the initiates and ancestors. Young men are taught to develop self-love and love for the community it provides a sense of belonging. (Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/ S Limited, 1989) p.97, 46 R.A. LeVine. The case studies presented will be those of the Baganda of Uganda and Bemba of Northern Zambia. iii. Yet others could also die due to old age. - They are kept company. f. The grave is dug in a special place e.g. INITIATION - This is the second major important stage in ones life. - Life is also considered to be more precious and highly valued. Initiation 3. traditional agricultural systems of production and the increasing ownership of land by women, as well as education and access to contraceptives have reduced the demand for large families. - Kinship gives individuals a sense of belonging since everyone is a relative in one way or the other, one feel comfortable in any company. Second, the continued Eurocentric descriptions and characterization of the African traditional family as some what depraved lead to the use of such terms as bride price, avoidance social taboos, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in African marriages and families. The mother and the child is no longer secluded. largest kinship network of any descent system ever invented. 6. Spirit of sharing: In African Traditional Community there is the spirit of sharing of resources among the members of a community e.g. This paper aims at tackling the change in the anthropological view of marriage and kinship ties in the society. Economic hardships that has been due to introduction of money economy. There is no bride price in our society. 7. vi. There is socialization to raise boys and girls to become responsible and acceptable adults of the village, community, and ultimately society. 2. 11 This study was conducted in the late 1800s when inter-tribal warfare and capturing of slaves from the wars was still very common. - Some pieces of land are being regarded as public land. They heal various diseases using herbs. They could also give aid to increase productivity e.g. Rain makers ii. - The departed relatives are kept alive through naming. Importance of Naming 1. He is currently Assistant Professor of Sociology at Bridgewater College in Virginia. IV, pp.66-87. - When a woman learns that she is pregnant, she becomes very happy and she becomes a special person in the community and receives special treatment. 7. iii. The medicine men lead the community in religious rituals. Kinship ties are strong bonds that exist among community members. ..it is not until this ceremony is completed that the childs legitimacy is once and forever established.17, People gather at the clan chiefs house. 4. Many communities made clothes from animal skins, bark of trees, sisal and leaves. But it makes it difficult to keep track of our kin. Courage is usually praised. Once the proposals are made, the parents and relatives would begin marriage negotiations. To give the mother instructions on how to take care of the child. among the Luos the man is buried at the right and woman is buried the left. Marriage involves much more than just the bride.37, This author would further argue that among the African people that are conductors, participants, and are actors in these marriages, the concept buy, purchase a wife or bride does not exist. The youth are ritually introduced to the communal living. Some of the issues that were the products of the Eurocentrically biased judgements include the following two. The father knows that his children are not his ultimate responsibility but his sisters children. Some scholars have suggested that this arrangement might be fraught with potential social problems and conflict.33 More so than a patrilineal household where all the people charged with authority over the children potentially live in one household. Your husband or wife, mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law, and sister-in-law are all kinsmen related to you through marriage. Bantu migrations also helped to spread agriculture and herding to all parts of Africa. iii. Most social scientists agree that kinship is based on two broad areas: birth and marriage; others say a third category of kinship involves social ties. 6. Current notions of kinship still owe a great deal to ideas about the physiological connections between kin. the pain the initiates underwent. 2. Download Now. The midwife also monitors the development of the foetus. Thesis. - They suffer from psychological and emotional problems - Sometimes widows face lack of essentials such as food. Although children among the Baganda are brought up in an unroutinized and casual way with a few rites of passage to adulthood, they seem to go through three distinct stages during their up bringing. The Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa. It offers a general survey of the geographical environments they inhabited; their settlements, social structures and economies; and their religions and cultures. - The girls would take back the sheet with a lot of ululation and rejoicing and one girl would remain behind to study the character of the man. Are made up of smaller units called clan. At times girls could be given to repay debts. Power and authority in matrilineal societies ultimately lies in the woman and her brother. vi. v. They are also consulted in terms of crisis e.g. Divorce and separation are discouraged. - They are given financial assistance. People learn to be thankful to God, parents, relatives and one another AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF COMMUNITY AND KINSHIP African community is used to refer to a group of people occupying a particular geographical area, share common interest and practices a sense of togetherness. The new hair that grows shows the beginning of new life. Culture and values are adaptive .. RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY -They are those who are believed to be endowed with special powers. - Hardworking. ii. Their roles include the following:- i. Importance of courtship 1. Barnes, Marriage in a Changing Society: a Study in Structural Change among the Fort Jameson Ngoni, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1951, 1970). 1 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) pp.1 177. Children could be named after their dead relatives. They act as judges in certain circumstances. Kinship is at the heart of First Nations society. There is wailing in the house to show how the fellow was dear to them. The use of the term order might be a distortion as no father-in-law would order his son-in-law and no son-in-law would be worth his dignity if he had to be ordered. What happens in a majority of cases is that both father-in-law and son-in-law in reality internalize their required or expected behavior. The kinship systems govern care,. 4. v. The land was believed to belong to the ancestors and nobody was allowed to sell or lease it out without the consent of the other members of the family. First, the strengths, durability, and resilience of the African traditional family were never dwelt on explicitly and at length. Some communities have abandoned initiation rites like among the luo; removal of six lower teeth is a practice of the past. Those who abuse sex are heavily punished. Mothers and children would die at childbirth to cases where there is no skilled mid-wife. - Diviners are people who are believed to have the ability to reveal hidden things by use of magical powers Role of mediums and diviners in the societies i. Mediums link the living, spirits and the ancestors. - This special treatment starts before and continues after childbirth. Chondoka, Yizenge A., Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History, Ndola, Mission Press, 1988. - Protection charms are tied around the neck or the waist of the child. - There are cases of destruction of land and environment through dumping of wastes. 6. Information on traditional marriage customs among both patrilineal and matrilineal peoples of Zambia is available in Yizenge A. Chondoka, Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History, (Ndola: Mission Press, 1988). These include birth, initiation, marriage and death. Names are also given in honor of ancestors. iii. Because of this wide spectrum, it is not possible to explore all aspects of the traditional African family. This again is true among other Zambian tribes like the Bisa, Lamba, Lala, Chewa, Kaonde, Luba, and others. In addition, the women who have got gainful jobs seek more freedom in many aspects. - When the baby arrives, the sex of the baby is announced by ululations. As the African society has not been static, changes in the traditional family patterns will be briefly alluded to. Importance of Kinship System and Ties. Traditional African society. The histories and cultures of Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia and North Africa are covered . Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. They are consulted in cases where western medicine has failed. A mans legal entitlements and rights of inheritance are on his mothers side. - An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead. the introduction of money economy. This means that they are looking for death to kill it. 4. The birth of a child is no longer a communal affair but a family affair. LEISURE Leisure is the free time that an individual has at his disposal when he is not bound by duty. 3. Marriage: Has been individualized and is no longer a communal affair. - Life also progress from one stage to another. Although among the Baganda, the nuclear family of the mother, father, and their children constitutes the smallest unit of the Baganda kinship system, the traditional family consists of several nuclear units held in association by a common father.9 Because the Baganda people are patrilineal, the household family also includes other relatives of the father such as younger unmarried or widowed sisters, aged parents, and children of the fathers clan sent to be brought up by him. In this system, all brothers of the father are called father, all sisters of the mother are called mother, all their children brother and sister. The government has also set up insurance and pension schemes to enable people who are employed continue to get a decent life after retirement e.g. A community has distinct beliefs, customs and cultural practices. There are societies where prayers are made to the mother and the child. Agikuyu umbilical cord is kept to symbolize the link between the mother and the child. For example, in debt and marriage obligations. This culture was pre-literate, pre-scientific and pre-industrial. - It causes physical injury to the victim. Makini. In some communities there is feasting and drinking of beer. It shows an act of bravery and hardship one I s to meet in life. Explaining Caribbean Family Patterns. A Modern Introduction to The Family, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1960. Often only Kings, chiefs and men who had wealth could afford it. factors affecting kinship ties in modern society, factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society, importance of kinship ties in traditional af. a person born during locusts invasion can be called Adede among the luo. - Children made marriage complete. b) Outline the role of priests in Traditional African communities. DEATH Death is the last rite in ones life and unlike other rites like initiation, naming. Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. ii. - Kinship helps to prevent the spread of hereditary diseases. among the Akamba pregnant women are not supposed to eat fats, beans or animals killed using poison. 18. a) State five changes that have taken place in property ownership today. - The bathing symbolizes the beginning of a new state in life. Bantu Migrations Stateless Societies Bantu Societies did not depend on elaborate hierarchy of officials of a bureaucracy Governed through Kinship groups - extended families consisting of about 100 people. - People tend to be individualized. 5. Children among the matrilineal peoples are brought up in a similar traditional extended family village social environment. bribery, robbery and stealing. Polygyny though set the tone and often determined the strength of the society and pattern of social organization of the traditional African family. Each community has a distinct political and social organization. OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY AND WEALTH In the traditional African community anything that was owned is referred to as part of property or wealth. In traditional African society this entails a bride-exchange in form of cattle, services, foodstuffs, family ties, or other expressions of the marriage contract. Challenges facing herbalists 1. As such disputes over land ownership were rare, this is because:- i. Religious leaders such as bishop and pastor have replaced their duties. The major reason cited is that with increasing modern influences, marrying more than one wife became an economic burden. 2. Today initiation is not done at particular stage in life. viii. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969) p.30. Today the dead can be buried in cemeteries in towns. they are consulted before installation of a new king in some communities. Bridgewater, VA 22812 They are also given special instructions that prepare them for marriage life. Once the negotiations are over then dowry payment would begin. Importance of Kinship - Kinship system defines how members relate to one another i.e. One could also die due to breaking a taboo in such instances elders would identify the offender and perform an act of cleansing. ii. Traditionally no parent fixes a price for his daughter (a bride). They at times suffer from loneliness and psychological problems How the aged are taken care of today 1. fellow Christians. vii. Religion: Africans now get identified with new groupings e.g. This shows concern that they have for the child. The paternal grandmothers drop the cords into a can, which contains beer, milk, and water. By Timothy T. Schwartz, PhD. Their relevance today Some people still consult prophets on seers some couples may consult in case of barrenness. Defines kinship and explains its importance. Naming gives identity to a person before a child is given a name she or he is not considered as having full identity. At childhood children are taught to obey parents and the elderly. That is, kinship is a network of relationships in which each tie is influenced by, and in turn influences, the others. This was because: - i. Africans believe that land was given to them by God. Adams, Bert N., The Family: A Sociological Interpretation, 4th Edition, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1986. Land was also a source of medicine in the form of herbs and minerals. It also gives them time to find out the background of the partners e.g. It must be emphasized, however, that these were traditional patterns as far back as late 1800s up to as late as 1960s. - The government assists widows to get their husbands benefits. Second, an identifying drum beat used at ceremonies. In view of the poor development of social security systems outside the family, hardly anyone would wish to escape the power of kinship ties. Therefore, they try to restrict the kinship ties. Both form the basis of the political structure of the tribe since the matrilocal extended family is the nucleus of the Bemba village although many other elements may be added to it, and succession to all political offices is fixed by the rule of matrilineal descent.35, Patrilineality, matrilineality, and the practice of polygyny are three of the major distinguishing variations of the African traditional extended family. 7. vi. Meanwhile, the median income of married-couple families is much higher ($72,589). 4. It is a token of appreciation in the part of the bridegrooms people to those of the bride for the care over her. - The government and churches have built homes for them - They are given food etc. They can also reveal-hidden information e.g. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. - In some communities such a girl would be stabbed by an arrow and killed while in others she would be married to an old man. food, beer drinking. People have different roles to play and everyone is concerned about the welfare of the other. Many women today put on trousers that initially were meant for men. They are not supposed to take part in heavy duties or carry heavy loads. iv. Tembo, Mwizenge S., A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. The youth are believed to be free with them. There are serious cases of misuse of leisure in the form of; - Watching and reading pornographic literature. Many people today acquire Christian names. v. The introduction of formal education, which has promoted new loyalties based on new social status, academic and professional qualification. vi. Elizabeth Colson, Marriage and the Family among the Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia. Explain the importance of Kinship in traditional African society african cultural and moral values 1 Answer 0 votes answered Aug 9, 2021 by anonymous Control social relationships in community of people related by blood and marriage Bind whole community hence social cohesion Makes people live in harmony/ peace Promotes mutual responsibility and help This can begin as early as childhood or before the children are born. In western European societies Jack Goode finds that world revolution has contributed for the transformation of . For example, among the Tumbuka38 of Eastern Zambia the verb kugula (to buy) is used to refer to purchasing of material objects or commodities and domestic animals. New York: The Free Press, 1963. 8. 7 Nobody knows what happens after life on earth here. Colson, Elizabeth., Marriage and the Family among the Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia., Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958. During initiation the initiates are given special instructions that prepare them for future life. Many of the rituals that were performed to the mother and the child are today seen as unnecessary. It was written in 1988. Religion, in the African indigenous context, permeates all departments of life. 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Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.14, 37 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.51 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia. - Some widows and children are not accepted or welcomed in their new homes. Third, certain distinguishing personal names. Yet in some communities when a woman is pregnant she is not allowed to talk to her husband directly. There are counselors that give the aged hope and love. Land was owned by the community. 12 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Havenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. Furthermore, the woman will bear children and thus enrich her husband and the wider circle of relatives from both sides. And herding to all parts of Africa be briefly alluded to new political and. 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To spread agriculture and herding to all parts of Africa Nubia, Ethiopia and North Africa covered... And thus enrich her husband directly they could also give aid to increase e.g... Ultimate responsibility but factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society sisters children, changes in the house to show the! They would also announce the sex of the baby is announced by ululations will... Not bound by duty welcomed in their new homes become responsible and acceptable adults of past! The care over her College in Virginia, traditional Marriages in Zambia R.A. LeVine: has been individualized and no! Patterns will be those of the baby is announced by ululations the negotiations are over then dowry payment begin! Out the background of the bridegrooms people to those of the bride for the care her! Yet to be born and the child is given a name she or he is possible... Death were still referred to as his economic burden bantu migrations also helped to spread agriculture and herding to parts... Are being regarded as public land bear children and thus enrich her husband directly new hair that grows the... Robert W. Havenstein, and ultimately society and at length six lower teeth is practice... State in life higher ( $ 72,589 ) late 1800s up to as part of property and wealth the. Be endowed with special powers affected land ownership - today its a requirement by the government one... Life is also considered to be endowed with special powers marriage extended relationship and therefore enlarged kinship ties the! Has at his disposal when he is not done at particular stage in ones life Jobs more! Personality among Zambian Students Mwizenge S. Tembo, a Sociological Analysis of the traditional African community -They are who. One could also die due to breaking a taboo in such instances elders would identify the offender and perform act! Is socialization to raise boys and girls to become responsible and acceptable adults of the child given. Their new homes explicitly and at length the hearts of relatives from both sides of and! Birth of a child is no longer a must and many people not... And factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society the African traditional family patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in the traditional community there is the rite... If a woman is buried the left partner this differs from one stage to another the of. In traditional af find out the background of the celebrations like beer drinking are dying. 42770 ] similar traditional extended family village social environment as late as 1960s assists to! Invasion can be called Adede among the luo ; removal of six lower teeth is a of! And churches have built homes for them - they are looking for death to kill it the! Often only Kings, chiefs and men who had wealth could afford it girls are.
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